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Allopurinol, which acts as a suicide inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Methotrexate, which acts as a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. Cyanide, which inhibits the activity of cytochrome C oxidase. Correct answer: Cyanide, which inhibits the activity of cytochrome C oxidase. Explanation : The correct answer is cyanide. Report an Error. Possible Answers: Dinitrophenol. Potassium cyanide. Correct answer: Dinitrophenol. Explanation : Potassium cyanide inhibits cellular respiration by acting on mitochondrial cytochrome c reductase leading to hypoxia and death.
Possible Answers: Oxygen consumption decreases while glucose consumption increases. Oxygen consumption increases while glucose consumption decreases. Both oxygen and consumption will remain unchanged. Correct answer: Oxygen consumption decreases while glucose consumption increases. Explanation : Aerobic respiration is a process that utilizes the electron transport chain in order to oxidize glucose into energy.
Possible Answers: Cyanide. Correct answer: Oligomycin. Explanation : Oligomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits ATP synthase. Correct answer: Antimycin. Explanation : Antimycin is a fungal antibiotic that inhibits complex III of the electron transport chain.
Correct answer: Rotenone. Possible Answers: Rotenone. Correct answer: Cyanide. Explanation : Cyanide is a gas that inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain. Possible Answers: Oxidizes enzyme complex II. Oxidative phosphorylation has two parts: the electron transport chain ETC and chemiosmosis. The ETC is a collection of proteins bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane and organic molecules, which electrons pass through in a series of redox reactions, and release energy.
The energy released forms a proton gradient, which is used in chemiosmosis to make a large amount of ATP by the protein ATP-synthase. Photosynthesis is a metabolic process that converts light energy into chemical energy to build sugars. The proton gradient used to make the ATP forms via an electron transport chain. In the electron transport chain ETC , the electrons go through a chain of proteins that increases its reduction potential and causes a release in energy.
This gradient increases the acidity in the intermembrane space and creates an electrical difference with a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside. ATP-synthase contains up of F0 and F1 subunits, which act as a rotational motor system. F0 is hydrophobic and embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The alternating ionization of F0 causes rotation, which alters the orientation of the F1 subunits. F1 is hydrophilic and faces the mitochondrial matrix. ATP-synthase can also be forced to run in reverse, consuming ATP to produce a hydrogen gradient, as is seen in some bacteria.
It is a dinucleotide connected by phosphate groups. One nucleoside has an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. When involved in metabolic redox reactions, the mechanism is as shown in Reaction 1. FAD is made up of an adenine nucleotide and a flavin mononucleotide FMN , connected by phosphate groups. FMN is synthesized in part from vitamin B2 riboflavin. An uncoupling agent dissociates the electron transport chain from phosphorylation by ATP-synthase, preventing the formation of ATP. Disruption of the phospholipid bilayer of membranes causes a fluid-like and disorganized state, which allows protons to flow through more freely.
This proton leak weakens the electrochemical gradient, while also transferring protons without the use of ATP-synthase such that no ATP is produced. The ETC regularly produces heat as the electrons transfer from one carrier to the next, and this overactivity will raise the body temperature as a result. Additionally, cells will adapt to utilizing fermentation as if in anaerobic conditions; this may cause a type B lactic acidosis in affected patients.
Certain poisons can inhibit cellular oxidative phosphorylation such as rotenone, carboxin, antimycin A, cyanide, carbon monoxide CO , sodium azide, and oligomycin. Oligomycin inhibits ATP synthase. Hirst J, Towards the molecular mechanism of respiratory complex I. The Biochemical journal. Practice: Sarin gas and its potent effects on the body. Practice: The genetic basis of Phenylketonuria. Practice: Early experiments on the genetic code.
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Electrons reduce cytochrome c 1 with energy yield to pump out two more protons, "site two" for ATP production. Complex II does not produce sufficient energy to pump out protons. Electrons are transfered from cytochrome c 1 to cytochrome c. Electrons are then passed to cytochrome a, part of the cytochrome oxidase.
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