Conclusion Some organizations have decided not to take any chances with poppy seeds and drug testing. Image Credit: Nucleus Communications, Inc.
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Parking Information. Gift Shop. Patient Meals. Pay My Bill Online. Financial Assistance. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Poppy seeds are harmless when eaten in the small quantities found in baked goods, salad dressings, or granola.
Yet experts are warning about poppy seed tea, which though it sounds innocuous can potentially cause addiction, withdrawal, and overdose. Here's what you need to know if you or someone you love is brewing unwashed poppy seeds and poppy plant to get high.
The poppy plant, more specifically the opium poppy or Papaver somniferum , is used to produce opiates. Opiates have been used successfully to control pain, but they are also abused because of their mind-altering effects. The opiates that come from the poppy plant include morphine, opium , heroin, and codeine.
After they enter the body, opiates stimulate specific receptors in the brain. When these opiate receptors are activated, it causes a rush of pleasure and then hours of feeling content, relaxed, or high. Some of these receptors are in the reward center of the brain.
The brain starts to want to repeat the positive stimulation and this can lead to addiction. Aside from pain relief and a sense of euphoria, opiates can cause:. The seeds, stems, and pods sold to make poppy seed tea are unwashed. Poppy seeds are not created equal, and everyone processes them differently. Poppy seeds can vary in their concentrations of codeine and morphine, meaning that the strength of the tea made by one crop of seed can be quite different from another.
Neither Elizabeth Dominguez of Tonawanda, NY, nor Jamie Silakowski of Depew, NY, used any opioids during their pregnancy, but both tested positive after eating baked goods with poppy seeds. She was temporarily separated from her newborn and visited at home multiple times by Child Protective Services because of the test triggered by poppy seeds. The petition was also joined by Dr. Irving Haber, a pain medicine specialist, and Dr. Madeleine Swortwood, a researcher at Sam Houston State University, who have published studies documenting the risks of poppy seed tea.
Organic solvents acetonitrile, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol, diethyl ether, and methanol of HPLC grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Poole, Dorset. Poppy seeds were purchased from a number of retail outlets in the UK with the country of origin identified where available Table 2.
The mass spectrometer was operated in positive mode ionization with the specific instrument parameters shown in Table 4 Carlin et al. Table 4. Figure 2 shows the extracted ion chromatograms for each of the alkaloids being analyzed in this work, including deuterated morphine as an internal standard. An overall run time of 12 min was employed, with all analytes of interest eluting before 10 min. Figure 2.
Extracted chromatograms from a mixed injection of a morphine, b morphine-d3, c codeine, d thebaine, e papaverine, and f noscapine. A minimum of six calibration points, plus a blank, were used with the concentration range and associated linear equations and R 2 values Table 5. A calibration set was analyzed alongside every data set. Analyte specific validation data is shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Validation parameters for morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine. For each solvent, extractions were carried out at a different pH's i. To avoid contamination by plastic residues from pipette tips by the solvents, glass pipettes were employed. Poppy seeds from a portion of the 1 seeds were homogenized using a spice blender and approximately mg of the seeds were weighed into glass Durham tubes four tubes for each of the solvents. For each solvent, the pH was altered to produce a solution of poppy seeds and solvent 1 mL at the specified pHs.
To each solution, deuterated internal standard morphine-d 3 was added. The tubes were then capped and placed into an ultrasonic bath for 10 min, centrifuged at 4, rpm for 10 min. Calibration solutions were prepared in the mobile phase on the day of analysis for each of the extractions. The ingredients were mixed into a batter and added to each of the dimples of mini-muffin trays purchased from Lakeland Ambleside, Cumbria.
The final weight of poppy seeds in each mini-muffin was approximately 1. They were then left to cool to room temperature. The poppy seed muffins were immersed in liquid nitrogen, crushed using a mortar and pestle and transferred to a spice blender for homogenisation prior to extraction and analysis by LC-MS. The liquid nitrogen method was found to be easiest to apply to the muffins: this was due to the fact that the poppy seeds were incorporated into the sponge of the muffin.
Trying to extract each poppy seed from the matrix proved very time consuming and was also considered that any alkaloids that may have interacted with the muffin matrix may also be included in results. Less fatty emulsion was also formed during the extraction method, when liquid nitrogen was employed. A comparative study was carried out to establish if there was a difference between alkaloid levels resulting from poppy seeds incorporated into the matrix of the muffin to those resulting from poppy seeds coated onto a bread roll.
The dough was then split into 4 equal portions and each one was pressed into poppy seeds. The rolls were left to cool to room temperature and the poppy seeds were scraped from the surface using a metal spatula and homogenized in a spice blender prior to extraction and analysis by LC-MS.
It was found that at the extremes of the polarity scale diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and water , the chromatograms produced were complex and with poor peak shape for the alkaloids; these observations were independent of pH.
In contrast, the optimum result, in terms of alkaloid presence and peak shape, was obtained using the solvent mixture i. For this reason, this extraction solvent mixture was used for all subsequent extraction's. For each source, the mean weight of each of the alkaloids in poppy seeds was calculated. When the levels of morphine in poppy seeds from each of the different sources was compared Table 7 , it was found that there was much variation within batch but also between sources of poppy seeds.
There is much variation in the extracted opiate compounds, which is primarily due to the environmental differences of the seeds Katrine et al. The country of origin for both of these poppy seed sources is unknown. When the same comparison was carried out for codeine Table 7 it was also found that there was much variation within different portions of the same batch and between sources of poppy seeds as was the case with morphine. Source 2, which was found to have a level of morphine much higher than the other sources, was also found to have a higher level of codeine.
No other similarities can be drawn from the data. It was also found that the same source with the highest levels of morphine and codeine also exhibited the highest levels of thebaine. Noscapine was identified in only two of the eight sources of poppy seeds Table 7.
It was found that the seeds from source 7 contained the highest levels of noscapine of the two sources where noscapine was identified.
Papaverine was detected in some of the analyzed seeds but peaks were so small that it was not possible to quantify them.
It has been identified that sub-varieties of Papaver somniferum L. However, this taxonomic information was not available from the suppliers of the seeds. It has been known since Annett, that factors, such as the season in which the plants are grown, weather conditions, and quality and type of fertilizer used can greatly affect the levels of alkaloids biosynthesised by Papaver somniferum L.
In turn, the levels of alkaloids found in opium latex will also be affected. No data currently exist that compares levels of alkaloids in opium latex and alkaloids from the same plant but it is assumed that the levels would correlate.
On this basis, the country of origin, where the plant was grown in the field e. This means that if a batch of poppy seeds is harvested from one field, naturally there will be variation in the levels of alkaloids from each of the plants.
It has also been shown that the alkaloids present in the opium latex may contaminate the poppy seeds as part of the growing process and that a batch of poppy seeds is the combination of multiple fields in one country: all of these factors may explain why there is such variation within batch and between sources of poppy seeds.
However, the muffin matrix greatly interfered with the extraction process. During the extraction process, a fatty emulsion was formed which affected further sample preparation techniques Figure 3.
These aliquots were filtered twice prior to being transferred into HPLC vials however when the chromatograms were analyzed for these muffin extractions, no alkaloids were identified. For this reason, it was not possible to include the poppy seed muffins extract results in the comparison between harvested poppy seeds, thermally processed seeds on their own and poppy seeds on the top of bread buns. In addition, seed portions from three randomly selected sources were extracted and analyzed with the results shown in Table 8.
Again, as was established with extractions of harvested poppy seeds there was much variation in the alkaloids identified and in the levels of those alkaloids present, Deuterated morphine was added prior to extraction of the alkaloids from the seeds and percentage extractions were incorporated into the calculations. Figure 3.
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